Navy played a critical role in the immediate military response to the 9/11 attacks, codenamed Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), which formally began on 7 October 2001 and unfolded primarily in the Central Command (CENTCOM) theater of operations. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 131–172.Ģ On terminological debates surrounding the “Global War on Terror,” see Barry Scott Zellen, The Art of War in an Asymmetric World: Strategy for the Post–Cold War Era (London: Continuum International Publishing, 2012), 282–283 Jan Goldman, ed., The War on Terror Encyclopedia: From the Rise of Al-Qaeda to 9/11 and Beyond (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2014), 154. See also Stephen Holmes, “Al-Qaeda, September 11, 2001,” in Diego Gambetta, ed., Making Sense of Suicide Missions, updated ed. 2ġ For a detailed narrative of events on the morning of 11 September 2001, see National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report (Boston: W.W. military into a protracted “global war on terrorism” that encompassed offensive and counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan and Iraq for more than a decade. Bush and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). These unprecedented attacks claimed the lives of nearly 3,000 people and injured some 7,000 more, and were immediately recognized as acts of war both by the administration of President George W. The fourth, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed in an open field in southwestern Pennsylvania after passengers attempted to subdue the hijackers and retake control of the plane. ![]() ![]() A third, American Airlines Flight 77, crashed into the Pentagon. Two airliners, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, crashed into the World Trade Center in New York City. Nineteen terrorists, most of who were of Saudi Arabian origin, seized control of four commercial airliners not long after takeoff from airports on the East Coast. On the morning of 11 September 2001, terrorists affiliated with al-Qaeda perpetrated the most devastating attack on the United States since the Japanese strike on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in December 1941.
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